internet

assalamualaikum,

The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. According to Internet World Stats, as of December 31, 2011 there was an estimated 2,267,233,742 Internet users worldwide. This represents 32.7% of the world's population.
Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. Remarkably, this anarchy by design works exceedingly well. There are a variety of ways to access the Internet. Most online services offer access to some Internet services. It is also possible to gain access through a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Who Owns the Internet?

No one actually owns the Internet, and no single person or organization controls the Internet in its entirety. The Internet is more of a concept than an actual tangible entity, and it relies on a physical infrastructure that connects networks to other networks.
Recommended Reading:  Who Owns the Internet?

Is Web and Internet the Same?

The Internet is not synonymous with World Wide Web. The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet.

power point

Today I was learned how to use software in our computer like Microsoft power point.Other then that, we also will have a quiz about that software. My lecturer did a lot of activities to us that was related to our lesson.Mr. azamuddin was a good lecturer sometimes he did a lot of joke that made all student laugh and in he class I  never felt bored.In there have some picture about Microsoft power point.It's about how to use it?

microsoft excel

Assalamualaikum,

This week I have been learn about Microsoft excel.That we usually use this to calculate something like to calculate mathematics and grade for student mark or result.Mr .azam did the same thing with call name of the student to came in front and followed he instruction .In this Microsoft it quiet hard for me because I never know how to use it and why I need to use It.I hope U will get some knowledge went I show you how to use it.

microsoft word

Today I was learn how to used the Microsoft word .My lecturer give us chance to improve our self with call our name and go to in front of class and follow he instruction how to use the Microsoft word.In there we was learn so many thing.Most of us don't know how to us it very well.When my lecturer give the instruction to one of the student .like can you paste some picture in there and after that,the student was copied the picture that was mr.azamudin when he was young.

COMPUTER NETWORK

Assalamualaikum,

This week I have been learn about computer network. It is simply a group of interconnected computers. Two or more computers are connected via hardware or software, and able to communicate with each other. Example of a computer network, the Internet, ATM, school network, e-banking, home network, etc. 

Network computer

Major components of a computer network:

–      Communication Media

–      Interconnecting Devices

–      Computers

–      Networking Software

–      Applications

Data transmission characteristics

Bandwidth (rate of transmission)

The rate at which the data can be transmitted is measured in Bits/sec.Bandwidth is the range that a medium can correctly transmit data. The rate at which the signal changes is known as Baud rate

Analog or Digital (type of signal)

Analog transmission is takes the form of continuous waves transmitted over a medium at a certain frequency rage.Digital transmission is sends data in the form of bits

Serial or Parallel (order of bits)

Serial transmission is all of the data bits are transmitted one bit after another in a continuous line and Parallel transmission is data bits are sent at the same time along multiple paths.

Communication Channel

To send data through the channel requires some type of transmission media, which may be either physical or wireless.

Network Medium

•       Computers share access to common network medium that carries signals from one computer to another.

•       Medium may be physical cable, such as twisted pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic.

• Medium may also be wireless. 

PHYSICAL MEDIA

•       Twisted-pair cable – consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around each other (least expensive type of cable—the kind that is used in many telephone systems)

•       Coaxial cable – consists of an insulated center wire grounded by a shield of braided wire (the primary type of cabling used by the cable television industry;  it is more expensive than twisted pair)

•       Fiber-optic cable – contains hundreds of clear fiberglass or plastic fibers (threads) (made from thin, flexible glass tubing; bandwidth is greater, so it can carry more data; it is lighter than metal wires and is less susceptible to interference; it is fragile and expensive)

•       ISDN line – a special digital telephone line that transmits and receives information at very high speeds

WIRELESS MEDIA

•       Microwave system – transmits data via high-frequency radio signals through the atmosphere

•       Satellite system – receive transmitted signals, amplify them, and then transmit the signals to the appropriate locations

•       Cellular technology – uses antennae resembling telephone towers to pick up radio signals within a specific area (cell)

•       Infrared technology – transmits data as infrared light waves from one device to another, providing wireless links between PCs and peripherals

TYPES OF NETWORK

•       Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

•       Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

•       Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)

Peer-to-Peer Networking Advantages

•       Easy to install and configure

•       No dedicated server

•       Users control own shared resources

•       Inexpensive to purchase and operate

•       No additional equipment or software

•       No dedicated administrators

•      Works best with 10 or fewer users

Peer-to-Peer Networking Disadvantages

•       Security applies to single resource at a time

•       Users may have many different passwords

•       Must back up each machine individually

•       Machine sharing resources may suffers reduced performance

•       No centralized organization scheme to locate or control access to data

•       Does not usually work well with more than
10 users

I  HOPE U WILL GET SOME INFORMATION FROM MY EXPLAINATION

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

ASSALAMUALAIKUM,,

This week I was learn  about computer software.Software is a collection  of computer programs together that related to the data.In there,have 3 categories about software  there is, system software ,application software, programming software.

SOFTWARE LAYERS

Computer users
Application
Operating system
Device driver
System software
Computer Hardware

APPLICATION

 Where normal computer/users interaction occurs.

Word processing,email,internet and so on.

OPERATING SYSTEM

A set of program that coordinates all activities among computer hardware resources.

OS receive order from the user via application program.

Function:

• Starting and shut down computer
• Managing program
• Managing Memory
• Monitoring performance
• Coordinating tasks

DEVICE DRIVER

Device driver are very low level instruction to a device like, the printer and the hard driver.

It also allow OS directly accesses  hardware resources.

PROGRAMING LANGUAGE

Is a language designed to communicate, instruction to a machine,particularly a computer.In there have 2 important things that we have to remember ids:

Low level language

That is closer to the hardware than are high level programing language,which are closer to human language.Have two types in there:

-Machine language =the first generation PL

• It's use series of binary digits( 1s-0s) or combination of numbers and letter that represent binary digits.

-Assembly language =the second generation PL

• Programing is written using symbolic instruction codes  called mnemonic.
• Also use symbolic memory address.

THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGE

Third generation language is (3GLS))are the first to use true English phrasing ,making them easier to use than previous language.It's also known as Procedural Language like FORTRAN AND COBOL.

FOURTH GENERATION
Is (4GLs)are even easier to use than 3GLs.Also known as non-procedural language.4GLs use a text based environment like 3GLs.The following 4GLs is Visual Basic(VB),Visual Age and Authoring Environment.

FIFTH GENERATION
5GLs are issue of debate in the programming community Fifth generation are designed to make a computer solve a problem without the programmer.These high language would use artificial intelligence  to create software,and making 5GLs extremly difficult to develop.

I hope u will understand what i have been given just now.OK bye c u next time...

WASALAM.......

COMPUTER HARDWARE

ASSALAMUALAIKUM,,


This week,I was learn about computer hardware and how to the report. In computer hardware have so many thing that we have to remember.But, this week is quiet bored for me.So many assignment that we  have to submit in week 7 & 8.For this week, I was learn about computer hardware.In this topic have 5 generation,that is:

1)   First generation from 1940 to 1950:VACUUM TUBE

In 1945,is ENIAC it's  Designed by Mauchly & Echert, built by US army to calculate trajectories for ballistic shells during Worls War II. Around 18000 vacuum tubes and 1500 relays were used to build ENIAC.
 

In 1950 is UNIVAC it's the first commercial computer. John Von Neumann architecture is Goldstine and Von Neumann took the idea of ENIAC and developed concept of storing a program in the memory. Known as the Von Neumann's architecture and has been the basis for virtually every machine designed since then.

•Features:

–Electron emitting devices

–Data and programs are stored in a single read-write memory

–Memory contents are addressable by location, regardless

   of the content itself

–Machine language/Assemble language

                                                                                      

–Sequential execution 

2)   Second generation 1950-1964:TRANSISTOR

 William Shockley,John Bardeen,and Walter Brattain invent the transistor that reduces size of computer and improve reliability.Vacuum tubes have been replaced by transistors.

First operating system:handled one program at a time                                                                      On-off swithes controlled by electronically    
 High level languages COBOL and FORTAN
 Floating point arithmetic 

THIRD GENERATION 1964-1974 Integrated circuits

1. Microprocessor chips combines thousands of transistors,entire circuit on one computer chip.
2. Semiconductor memory
3. Multiple computer models with different performance characteristics
4. The size of computers has been reduced drastically

FOURTH GENERATION 1974-PRESENT ;VLSI /ULSI

1. VLSI- very large scale integration
2. ULSI-ultra large scale integration
3. Combines millions of transistors
4. Creation of personal computer(PC)
5. Use of data communication

FIFTH GENERATION (NOW & FUTURE)

Based of artificial intelligence -computer can think,reason and learn.
Primary means input-voice and touch
Nanotechnology

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER

Embedded computer

 
A miniature computer embedded into a specific product for a specific function.    
       
Mobile devices computer
 

Fits on our lap/hand,contain built-in  computing or internet capabilities.


Personal computer


Fully functioning portable or desktop computer designed for a single user at time. 

Mid ranges servers
 
Physically like small cabinet,hosting data and program available to a small group of users. 

Mainframes
 
Large space and powerful computers used to host a large  amount of data.

Supercomputers

Extremely powerful computers used for complex computation  and processing


SYSTEM UNIT.

The system unit is a case that constants electronic components like processor expansion cards,ports connectors and memory .

MOTHERBOARD

Main circuit board in system unit.Contains chip,integrated circuits and transistors .Chip package are available single edge contacts (SEC),dual inline package (DIP),flip chip -PGA (FC-PGA),& pin grid array (PGA).

PROCESSOR

Is the important part of the computer.It process the data and control the computer.Its combination of Memory + processor =CPU.Its very important in computer parts to activating and controlling the operations.In CPU,have 2 things that we have to know is ,CU(control unit) and ALU(arithmetic Logic Unit.

MAIN MEMORY  

RAM-(random accesses memory) it holds the program instruction and the data that is being used by the processor and when power turn off all thing will be loose.Its also call as volatile .While ROM-(read only memory) it holds instruction and settings required to set up the computer.but it doesn't loose anything even though the computer turn off.Its also call as nonvolatile.


INPUT DEVICES 

Is any hardware  component that allows users to enter the data and instructions into a computer.
A keyboard is input device that constants key users press to enter data and instructions into computer.While ergonomic computer has design that reduces that change of wrist and hand 
injuries.

POINTING DEVICES

Is allow users to control a pointer to the screen.

GAMES CONTROLLERS 

As the input devices that directs movements and actions of on screen objects.

DIGITAL CAMERAS

Is allow users to take pictures and store them digitally.

VOICE INPUT

the process of entering input(speech,music,sound effect)by speaking into microphone.Its also like web cam as example for the digital  video camera Other than that,voice conference is a meeting between two or more separated people.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Is any type of hardware components that conveys the information to one or more people.In there,have displays devices visually conveys text,graphic,and video information like CRT,LCD,PLASMA MONITOR  & HDTV. Other than that, it also have printers in outputs devices.Printers is produces text and grapic on paper.


I hope u will understand what I have been explain just now and at least u can got some knowledge from my information about computer and internet and it cal use in your daily life



WASALAM..BYEEE C U NEXT SESSION....