This week,I was learn about computer hardware and how to the report. In computer hardware have so many thing that we have to remember.But, this week is quiet bored for me.So many assignment that we have to submit in week 7 & 8.For this week, I was learn about computer hardware.In this topic have 5 generation,that is:
1) First generation from 1940 to 1950:VACUUM TUBE
In 1945,is ENIAC it's Designed by Mauchly & Echert, built by US army to calculate trajectories for ballistic shells during Worls War II. Around 18000 vacuum tubes and 1500 relays were used to build ENIAC.
In 1950 is UNIVAC it's the first commercial computer. John Von Neumann architecture is Goldstine and Von Neumann took
the idea of ENIAC and developed concept of storing a program in the memory.
Known as the Von Neumann's architecture and has been the basis for virtually
every machine designed since then.
•Features:
–Electron
emitting devices
–Data
and programs are stored in a single read-write memory
–Memory
contents are addressable by location, regardless
of the content itself
2) Second generation 1950-1964:TRANSISTOR
William Shockley,John Bardeen,and Walter Brattain invent the transistor that reduces size of computer and improve reliability.Vacuum tubes have been replaced by transistors.
First operating system:handled one program at a time On-off swithes controlled by electronically
High level languages COBOL and FORTAN
Floating point arithmetic
THIRD GENERATION 1964-1974 Integrated circuits
- Microprocessor chips combines thousands of transistors,entire circuit on one computer chip.
- Semiconductor memory
- Multiple computer models with different performance characteristics
- The size of computers has been reduced drastically
FOURTH GENERATION 1974-PRESENT ;VLSI /ULSI
- VLSI- very large scale integration
- ULSI-ultra large scale integration
- Combines millions of transistors
- Creation of personal computer(PC)
- Use of data communication
FIFTH GENERATION (NOW & FUTURE)
Based of artificial intelligence -computer can think,reason and learn.
Primary means input-voice and touch
Nanotechnology
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER
Embedded computer
A miniature computer embedded into a specific product for a specific function.
Mobile devices computer
Fits on our lap/hand,contain built-in computing or internet capabilities.
Personal computer
Fully functioning portable or desktop computer designed for a single user at time.
Mid ranges servers
Physically like small cabinet,hosting data and program available to a small group of users.
Mainframes
Large space and powerful computers used to host a large amount of data.
Supercomputers
Extremely powerful computers used for complex computation and processing
SYSTEM UNIT.
The system unit is a case that constants electronic components like processor expansion cards,ports connectors and memory .
MOTHERBOARD
Main circuit board in system unit.Contains chip,integrated circuits and transistors .Chip package are available single edge contacts (SEC),dual inline package (DIP),flip chip -PGA (FC-PGA),& pin grid array (PGA).
PROCESSOR
Is the important part of the computer.It process the data and control the computer.Its combination of Memory + processor =CPU.Its very important in computer parts to activating and controlling the operations.In CPU,have 2 things that we have to know is ,CU(control unit) and ALU(arithmetic Logic Unit.
MAIN MEMORY
RAM-(random accesses memory) it holds the program instruction and the data that is being used by the processor and when power turn off all thing will be loose.Its also call as volatile .While ROM-(read only memory) it holds instruction and settings required to set up the computer.but it doesn't loose anything even though the computer turn off.Its also call as nonvolatile.
INPUT DEVICES
Is any hardware component that allows users to enter the data and instructions into a computer.
A keyboard is input device that constants key users press to enter data and instructions into computer.While ergonomic computer has design that reduces that change of wrist and hand
injuries.
POINTING DEVICES
Is allow users to control a pointer to the screen.
GAMES CONTROLLERS
As the input devices that directs movements and actions of on screen objects.
DIGITAL CAMERAS
Is allow users to take pictures and store them digitally.
VOICE INPUT
the process of entering input(speech,music,sound effect)by speaking into microphone.Its also like web cam as example for the digital video camera Other than that,voice conference is a meeting between two or more separated people.
OUTPUT DEVICES
Is any type of hardware components that conveys the information to one or more people.In there,have displays devices visually conveys text,graphic,and video information like CRT,LCD,PLASMA MONITOR & HDTV. Other than that, it also have printers in outputs devices.Printers is produces text and grapic on paper.
I hope u will understand what I have been explain just now and at least u can got some knowledge from my information about computer and internet and it cal use in your daily life
WASALAM..BYEEE C U NEXT SESSION....
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